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Much of the cargo of copper ingots and scrap bronze was excavated in
lumps covered and held together by a rock-hard covering of calcium carbonate, called
concretion. (Photo: INA)
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One lump of ingots from Area G required nearly a month of chiseling to
free it from the rocky sea bed. (Photo: INA)
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After chiseling free from the seabed a concreted lump of metal cargo from
Area P weighing hundreds of pounds, Claude Duthuit fastens a line around it for raising to
the surface. (Photo: INA)
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The Area G lump lay in a natural gully between a large boulder and
the base of the island, on the right. (Photo: INA)
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On the deck of Lutfi Celil, the amorphous Area P lump gives few
clues to what is inside the concretion. (Photo: INA)
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Because of the fragile wood remnants under it, the Area G lump was
removed carefully from the site and taken to the surface with the aid of an air-filled
lifting balloon. (Photo: INA)
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After being fit together like pieces of a giant jig-saw puzzle, several
Area P lumps were cleaned of concretion to reveal copper ingots still stacked as they had
been in the ship’s hold 3,200 years earlier. The white material is all the remains of
tin ingots. (Photo: INA)
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Several lumps(Area G) from the gully were fit together as they had been
on the site and cleaned of their cover of conretion to reveal still more stacked ingots.
(Photo: INA)
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The positions of the Area P ingots are recorded for publication.
(Photo: INA)
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A drawing of the original positions of the Area G copper ingots shows
oval slabs of bronze among them. (Photo: INA)
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The thickened rims of some ingots were once thought to represent the
curling under of a dried ox hide, another reason why such ingots are often but incorrectly
called "ox-hide ingots."
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It was once believed that the rough face of each ingot represented the
hair of a dried ox hide, and that each ingot was worth the price of an ox in a
pre-monetary form of currency. The rough upper surface of an ingot, however, is simply the
result of open casting.
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Primary marks impressed in the metal before it solidified may include
Cypro-Minoan marks. (Photo: INA)
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Another of the impressed, primary marks. (Photo: INA)
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Secondary marks were incised on the opposite sides of some ingots after
the metal cooled. The meanings of these marks, like the primary marks, remain uncertain.
(Photo: INA)
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The four-handled ingots were cast in three basic shapes, all familiar
from 14th- and 13th-century B.C. Egyptian tomb paintings, where such ingots are said to be
tribute from Syria. The handles were probably for ease of porterage. (Photo: INA)
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The main cargo of about 40 whole or partial four-handled copper ingots is
displayed in an exhibit in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. (Photo: INA)
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Lead-isotope analyses of the copper in the ingots showed that the metal
was mined on Cyprus. Half of this ingot was eaten away through contact with a tin ingot.
(Photo: INA)
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At the end of the excavation, the copper ingots were loaded onto a dinghy
to take them to the sponge boat for their trip to Bodrum. (Photo: INA)
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The so-called "slab ingots" of bronze came from the gully (Area
G), which probably marked the living quarters of the ship. (Photo: INA)
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Although there were rough, plano-convex copper ingots (called "bun
ingots") on the wreck, this much smoother example may have been a blank for being
worked into some kind of object. (Photo: INA)
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Top and side view of the smooth plano-convex ingot. (Photo: INA)
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