HISTORY OF INA RESEARCH


° Foreword by Dr. George F. Bass, Co-Founder, President Emeritus

° A History of INA by Year

° A Listing of Publications Resulting From INA Research by Project

° A Listing of Publications by INA Staff by Author

° History of the INA Board of Directors by Year


FOREWORD

In 1972, INA was only a dream, although an incorporated dream. The dream was spelled out in Proposal for the Foundation of an American Institute of Nautical Archaeology, which was almost universally ignored. Then, in the spring of 1973, a few farsighted businessmen and women met in Philadelphia for the first Board Meeting, and the Institute became a reality. The first year's budget was $50,000--for everything. Three of the original staff of four had pioneered shipwreck archaeology in the 1960s while still students at the University of Pennsylvania.

I decided to compile the following pages to mark INA's 25th Anniversary Celebration in 1998, to remind myself and others how far we have come in our first quarter century. It does not claim, therefore, to be complete--I was not even able to reach some of the staff for their bibliographies, and thus tried to list as many of their titles as possible from the books in my library. I ask that readers fill in any missing blanks so that a corrected version of this may become a permanent record of our early years.

What have we accomplished so far?

There has been no more important an excavation in the field of historical archaeology during the past half century than that conducted at Port Royal, Jamaica, the richest English colony in the New World, sunk beneath the waves in 1692 by an earthquake that submerged houses, inns, shops, and their uniquely preserved contents. That excavation, alone, is more than similar institutes might have hoped to accomplish.

There has been no more important a preclassical Mediterranean site excavated in recent decades than the Uluburun shipwreck in Turkey, with its 18,000 artifacts from nearly a dozen different cultures, twenty tons in all, precisely dated to within a few years of 1300 B.C. by the tree rings in a log, perhaps firewood, carried on board. This site is revolutionizing our picture of the Late Bronze Age--the time of the Trojan War, King Tut, and the Exodus. Its excavation, alone, would justify the existence of an archaeological institute.

There has been no more important a medieval site excavated in the past half century than the Serçe Liman shipwreck in Turkey, with the largest collection of medieval Islamic glass in the world (between 10,000 and 20,000 vessels), the largest collections of Byzantine tools and weapons, the earliest dated chess set, and so much more, all dated almost exactly to the year 1025 by inscribed objects on board. The curator of Islamic Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York has written that this excavation, alone, has revolutionized the study of medieval Islamic art.

Now we are, for the first time, excavating a wreck from the Golden Age of Classical Greece, between 440 and 425 B.C., but we do not yet know all that this wreck at Tektas Burnu, Turkey, holds.

INA researchers have written the definitive history of Lake Champlain, excavated the oldest shipwreck ever found in the New World, excavated the oldest ship ever found in the Old World, were the first to excavate shipwrecks of the American Revolution--both American and British--, have pioneered shipwreck archaeology in East Africa, from Egypt to Kenya through Eritrea, and given the world its first chance to see what a classical Greek ship looked like sailing across Homer's wine-dark sea! Even now, an INA scholar is studying in Israel the Roman-period fishing boat excavated by another INA scholar before he joined INA.

INA divers, already the first to discover an ancient ship with sonar, and the first to map the seabed with accuracy by means of their own techniques, became the first to excavate a wreck using saturation diving, and set a record for any underwater project undertaken with compressed-air equipment with their 22,5000 dives to between 145 and 200 feet at Uluburun, Turkey. INA researchers have made Texas A&M University a world center for the conservation of underwater archaeological finds, as shown by its current conservation of La Salle's ship La Belle, and by its current experiments with silicone oils likely to revolutionize the field of archaeological conservation.

In order to disseminate the results of its research in scholarly and popular form, INA has begun four separate publications series: The Nautical Archaeology Series (Texas A&M Press) for major excavation reports, Studies in Nautical Archaeology (Texas A&M Press in the U.S. and Chatham Publishing in the U.K.) for slimmer works, including those written by graduate students as M.A. theses, INA Reports in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, and the INA Quarterly (formerly INA Newsletter). It is especially heartening to see how young scholars develop a habit for publishing quickly by writing for the INA Quarterly and soon move on to writing books for national and international publishers. The approximately 400 publications written by INA archaeologists that are listed in the following pages give an idea of the record INA is leaving for future generations.

By affiliating with Texas A&M University, INA has advanced the field of underwater archaeology not only in the United States, by training the state archaeologists for several states, but around the world, by training students from Peru, China, Jamaica, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Japan, England, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, France, Albania, and other lands.

In return for the financial aid provided by Texas A&M, INA's many appearances on all the major television networks, its several one-hour specials on PBS-TV, and its articles in National Geographic and other popular magazines around the world have all added to the university's positive image to an immense audience.

With a newly discovered shipwreck of the middle of the fifth century B.C., the first ever found from the height of classical Greek civilization, and the acquisition of a two-person submersible that should help locate hundreds of others wrecks, INA has the opportunity for continuing to revolutionize our knowledge of the past in various parts of the world. Equally exciting is INA's development of an in-state program in Texas, beginning with work on the Confederate blockade-runner Denbigh. Let us hope that INA's second quarter century will be as deserving of celebration as its first, for not only are we writing the definitive history of ships, but we are adding new chapters to the histories of technology, art, commerce, and so much more.

George F. Bass
May 2, 2001



A HISTORY OF INA BY YEAR

1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003/4


1972

INA incorporated in Pennsylvania by G. Bass, A. Bass, and Steven Gadon
George Bass publishes A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology (also in Dutch, French, Swedish, Italian and German editions)

1973

First Board Meeting in Philadelphia brings together founding directors
Survey off Turkish coast by Bass locates a dozen wrecks, including those since excavated by INA at Seytan Deresi, Serçe Liman , and Selimiye 1974; survey published in IJNA 3 (1973)
Fourth-century B.C. Kyrenia Ship being restored in Cyprus, published by Susan & Michael Katzev as "Last Harbor for the Oldest Ship" in National Geographic (November 1974)

1974

Summer Field School directed by Bass at Yassiada, Turkey, although aborted by Cyprus War, leads to new publication of the fourth-century Yassiada hull in IJNA 5 (1976)
INA Newsletter (now Quarterly) inaugurated by Cynthia Eiseman

1975

First scientific excavation of an American Revolutionary War ship begins on the Defense in Penobscot Bay, Maine, under Bass and Dave Switzer; site found by INA Director W.F. Searle, Jr.
Excavation of a cargo from ca. 1600 B.C., at Seytan Deresi, Turkey, published in IJNA 5 (1976)
Restoration of the classical Greek ship completed at Kyrenia, Cyprus, by Katzevs and Dick Steffy
Survey of a wreck located in Mombasa Harbor, Kenya, by Don Frey and Robin Piercy
Bass publishes Archaeology Beneath the Sea

1976

Underwater survey off Sicily, including inspection of a Hellenistic wreck at Secca di Capistello
Excavation of the Defense in Maine, continues under Switzer, published in UAP (1978)
Excavations begin at Minoan harbor town of Kommos on Crete, now being published by Joseph Shaw and others in multi-volume set by Princeton University Press
First scientific excavation of a British vessel from the American Revolutionary War, the "Cornwallis Cave Wreck" in the York River, Virginia, published in IJNA 7 (1978)
Commonwealth archaeologists advised by Bass that next wreck excavated in the river should be surrounded by a coffer dam in which the water is filtered for visibility, with a pier built from land to the dam; this led to the successful excavation of the Betsy (see National Geographic June 1988 )
INA affiliates with and moves its headquarters to Texas A&M University, where Bass, Steffy, and, shortly afterward, Fred van Doorninck join the faculty

1977

Saturation diving for excavation of Hellenistic wreck off La Secca de Capistello, Lipari, Italy, directed by Frey, published in IJNA 7 (1978) and UAP (1978)
Excavation of eleventh-century "Glass Wreck" at Serçe Limani , Turkey, begins, published in IJNA 7(1978), UAP (1978), and as "Glass Treasure from the Aegean" in June 1978 National Geographic
Excavation of Portuguese frigate Santo Antonio de Tanna (sunk 1697) begins at Mombasa, Kenya, under Piercy; published in IJNA 6 (1977)
Excavation of the Defence continues under Switzer in Penobscot Bay, Maine

1978

Bass and van Doorninck direct second campaign on the "Glass Wreck" at Serçe Limani , Turkey
Steffy builds scale model of the colonial vessel raised at Brown's Ferry in South Carolina, published in UAP (1978) and, with Alan Albright, in IJNA 8 (1979)
Piercy continues excavation of Santo Antonio de Tanna in Kenya; published in IJNA 7 (1978)
Switzer continues excavation of Defense in Maine
Survey of Black Cloud (sunk 1873) in the Trinity River, Texas, by Texas A&M students
Investigation of the Griffon Cove Wreck in Lake Huron, published in UAP (1981)
Donny Hamilton joins INA and Texas A&M faculty


1979

One-month course at University of Mexico, including dives in a sacred lake, by Bass and Don Keith
Joint project with Mexican Department of Underwater Archaeology on 16th-century wreck at Cayo
Nuevo in the zone of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico, published in UAP (1981)
Observation of 13th-century Chinese shipwreck excavation at Shinan-gun, Korea, published by Donald Keith as "A 14th-Century Cargo Makes Port at Last" in August 1979 National Geographic, in UAP (1981), and in IJNA 10 (1981) with C.J. Buys
Excavation begins on Hellenistic wreck at Serçe Limani , Turkey, published in AJA 91 (1987)
Excavation of Serçe Limani "Glass Wreck" completed, published in IJNA 11 (1982) & UAP (1981)
Underwater survey of ancient anchorage at Serçe Limani , by Dory Slane, published in UAP (1981)
Conservation of iron plate raised from Civil War ironclad Monitor by Hamilton
Defense excavation continues in Maine, published in UAP (1981)
Survey for wrecks around Cayman Island in the Caribbean directed by Roger Smith
Excavation of Santo Antonio de Tanna continues in Kenya, published in IJNA 8 (1979)

1980

Excavation of Santo Antonio de Tanna in Kenya completed; published in IJNA 10 (1981)
Excavation of Hellenistic Serçe Liman wreck continues in Turkey, published in AJA 91 (1987)
Survey for wrecks around Cayman Islands continues under Smith
Joint project on 16th-century wreck at Campeche, with Mexican Dept. of Underwater Archaeology, published in UAP (1981)
Steffy directs excavation and identification of General Cornwallis's Charon in the York River, Virginia, published in UAP (1981)
Underwater survey for wrecks in Turkish waters. published in IJNA 10 (1981)
INA purchases Virazon

1981

Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, sunk during earthquake in 1692, begins under Hamilton
Survey under Turkish waters from Virazon directed by Frey
Survey of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, for two ships Columbus abandoned on his fourth voyage
Survey of Pedro Bank off Jamaica locates four 17th-century wrecks; published in IJNA 13 (1984)
The Ancient Ship of Kyrenia wins award in French film festival
The Ancient Mariners, telecast nationally
Excavation of Defense in Maine concludes
Ed Doran publishes Wanka: Austronesian Canoe Origins (Texas A&M University Press)

1982

INA hosts Council of Europe field school on 16th-century Ottoman wreck at Yassiada, Turkey
First dives on Bronze Age wreck at Uluburun, Turkey, discovered through Frey's annual surveys
Katzevs and Steffy supervise construction of a full-scale replica of the Kyrenia ship
Hamilton continues excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, published in IJNA 13 (1984)
Survey of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, continues
Keith begins excavation at Molasses Reef wreck, Turks and Caicos Islands, of what is probably oldest known wreck in the New World, published in IJNA 13 (1984)
Joint project with Mexican department on 16th-century wreck at Cayo Nuevo
Pedro Bank survey off Jamaica continues
Steffy consults on excavation of 18th-century merchantman at Water Street in Manhattan
Bass and van Doorninck publish Yassi Ada I: A Seventh Century Byzantine Shipwreck as first volume in new INA Nautical Archaeology Series (Texas A&M University Press)
B. Ford and Dave Switzer publish Underwater Dig: The Excavation of a Revolutionary War Privateer about the Defense

1983

Cemal Pulak directs survey of Bronze Age wreck at Uluburun, Turkey; published in IJNA 13 (1984)
Excavation of 16th-century Ottoman wreck at Yassiada, Turkey, continues under Pulak
Steffy studies Athlit ram in Israel for publication
Cynthia Eiseman and Don Frey study and photograph Porticello material for publication
Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, continues under Hamilton, published in Archaeology (1984)
Third joint expedition to Cayo Nuevo with Mexican colleagues
Excavation of Molasses Reef wreck completed by Keith; published in JFA 12 (1985)
Survey of 16th-century wreck at Highborn Cay in the Bahamas; published in IJNA 14 (1985)
Kevin Crisman publishes The History and Construction of the United States Schooner Ticonderoga

1984

Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun begins under Bass; published in AJA 90 (1986)
Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, continues under Hamilton
Denise Lakey does research in the Archives of the Indies, Seville, Spain, published in UAP (1985)
Steffy studies Roman boat found at Herculaneum, Italy, published in AJA (1985)
Full-scale sailing replica of Kyrenia ship completed
Search for Columbus ships in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, continues
Joint survey of 16th-century shipwreck at Bahia Mujeres with Mexican colleagues
Conservation of Serçe Limani Glass Wreck, Yassiada Ottoman Wreck, Santo Antonio de Tanna, and Molasses Reef Wreck continues on three continents
Keith leads survey for survivors of Molasses Reef Wreck on West Caicos
Frey continues annual underwater surveys in Turkey

1985

Excavations at Port Royal, Jamaica, continued by Hamilton
Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey, continues, published in AJA 92 (1988)
Conservation of Molasses Reef Wreck, Serçe Limani Wreck, Santo Antonio de Tanna, and Yassiada Ottoman Wreck continues
Steffy becomes MacArthur Fellow

1986

Kyrenia II sails up Hudson River in Tall Ships Parade honoring America's Fourth of July
Steffy consults on the Sea of Galilee Boat salvaged by S. Wachsmann; published in IJNA 16 (1987)
Pulak directs excavation of Bronze Age wreck at Uluburun, Turkey; published in AJA 93 (1989)
Excavation of 16th-century wreck at Highborn Cay, Bahamas, published in IJNA 18 (1989)
Hamilton continues excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica
Annual survey off Turkish coast continues under Frey
Kyrenia II sails from Greece to Cyprus
Hocker records 17th-century passenger ferry in Lelystad, Netherlands (to be published in 1998)
Bass receives Gold Medal for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement from Archaeological Institute of America, & Lowell Thomas Ward for Underwater Exploration from the Explorers Club
Crisman publishes Of Sailing Ships and Sidewheelers: The History and Nautical Archaeology of Lake Champlain

1987

Excavations at Uluburun, Turkey, continued by Pulak, published as "Splendors of the Bronze Age" in December 1987 National Geographic
Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, continued by Hamilton
Conservation of Molasses Reef Wreck continued by Keith; published in IJNA 18 (1989)
Conservation of the Serçe Limani "Glass Wreck" and Yassiada Ottoman wreck continues
Search by Keith for Columbus's Gallega begins in the Rio Belen, Panama
Cooperative relationship established by Hocker with Dutch Museum of Ship Archaeology (later Center for Ship Archaeology, now National Institute for Ship Archaeology)
Annual Turkish underwater survey
Cheryl Ward Haldane serves as consultant to National Geographic Society on the Royal Boat Project by the pyramid of Khufu at Giza, Egypt (National Geographic April 1988)
Voyage from Antiquity televised by NOVA as Ancient Treasures from the Deep
Return visit to Bronze Age wreck at Cape Gelidonya, Turkey, leads to new finds
Kyrenia II sails from Cyprus to Greece
Cynthia Eiseman and Brunilde Ridgway publish The Porticello Shipwreck: A Mediterranean Merchant Vessel of 415-385 B.C. as the second volume in the INA Nautical Archaeology Series
Crisman publishes The Eagle: An American Brig on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812
Bass receives Honorary Doctorate from Bo aziçi University, Istanbul

1988

Excavations at Port Royal, Jamaica, and Uluburun, Turkey, continue
Land purchased for construction of an INA Headquarters in Bodrum, Turkey
Search for Columbus's Gallega in Panama continued by Keith
Hocker and fellow students Mike Fitzgerald, Sam Mark, and Bob Neyland record a 15th-century cog from Almere, Netherlands, published in 1997
Bass publishes Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas, with chapters by Donald Keith, Roger Smith, Jody Simmons, Dick Steffy, Kevin Crisman, W.F. Searle, Peggy Leshikar, and Ken Cassavoy
Bass receives National Geographic Society Centennial Award

1989

Excavations at Port Royal, Jamaica, continued by Hamilton
Excavations at Uluburun, Turkey, continued by Pulak; published in UAP (1990)
Search for Columbus's Gallega in Panama continued by Keith
Cape Gelidonya survey continues (in Geographica Section of National Geographic)
Conservation of materials from Port Royal, Ottoman wreck at Yassiada, Turkey, and Molasses Reef Wreck, Turks and Caicos, continues
Restoration of the eleventh-century "Glass Wreck" by Sheila Matthews nears completion in Bodrum
Cheryl Haldane studies ship timbers found at Lisht by Metropolitan Museum of Art, and publishes them in The South Cemeteries of Lisht, Vol. III, by Dieter Arnold (Metropolitan Museum)

1990

Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey, continues under Pulak, published in Geographica Section of National Geographic
Field work at Port Royal, Jamaica, concludes, published in UAP (1991); conservation continues
Serçe Limani "Glass Wreck" permanent exhibit opens in Bodrum Museum in Turkey
Conservation of Yassiada Ottoman wreck continues in Bodrum, Turkey
Annual Turkish survey includes dives on 300-foot-deep Yalikavak wreck in one-person sub
Dives on Bronze Age wreck site at Cape Gelidonya, Turkey, reveal new evidence
Peggy Leshikar investigates the Wreck of the Ten Sail off Grand Cayman, published in UAP (1992)
Hocker begins final recording and analysis of Brown's Ferry vessel in Columbia, SC
Search for two Columbus caravels continues in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica
Peggy Leshikar surveys for pre-Columbian remains at Isla Cerritos, Yucatan, Mexico
Entire issue Biblical Archaeologist written by INA/TAMU faculty and students
Cheryl Ward Haldane publishes The Pharaoh's Boat at the Carnegie with D.C. Patch
Meadows Professorship in Biblical Archaeology initiated for TAMU Nautical Archaeology Program
Jerome Hall becomes first Marion Cook Fellow
Donny Hamilton and Wayne Smith begin experiments with silicone oils for conservation
Dick Steffy, first Sara W. and George O. Yamini Professor of Nautical Archaeology, retires
Kevin Crisman and Shelley Wachsmann join INA and TAMU faculty
Wachsmann publishes The Excavations of an Ancient Boat from the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret)

1991

Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey, continues, published in UAP (1992)
Crisman and Arthur Cohn begin excavation of horse-powered ferry of ca. 1830 in Lake Champlain
INA begins collaboration with Lake Champlain Maritime Museum
Preliminary survey of Syrian coast
Search for Columbus's ships in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, continues, published in UAP (1992)
Fred van Doorninck named Frederick R. Mayer Professor at Texas A&M
Cemal Pulak becomes first Mr. and Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II Fellow at Texas A&M
Steffy publishes The Athlit Ram, with Lionel Casson, as third volume in the INA Nautical Archaeology Series (Texas A&M University Press)
Jerome Hall begins excavation of the seventeenth-century shipwreck in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic, published in UAP (1992)
David Robinson assists Paul Johnston of Smithsonian in study of steamer Indiana in Lake Superior
Fred Hocker joins Texas A&M as the Sara W. and George O. Yamini Faculty Fellow

1992

Excavation of colonial Clydesdale Plantation vessel near Savannah, Georgia, by Sara W. and George O. Faculty Fellow Fred Hocker
Excavation of Burlington Bay Horse Ferry of around 1830 continued by Crisman and Cohn Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1993)
Joseph Cozzi directs excavation of sailing canal boat in Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1993, 1994, 1996)
Crisman and Cohn survey underwater at Mount Independence, VT, a Revolutionary War fort
Pulak continues excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey
Underwater survey in Sea of Galilee, Israel, directed by Wachsmann
Search for Columbus's two caravels continues in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica
Bill Charlton builds model of the Sea of Galilee Boat excavated by Shelley Wachsmann
Two sixteenth-century ship excavations in the Netherlands
Hall continues on the Monte Cristi wreck, Dominican Republic, published in UAP (1993)
INA archaeologists and directors visit and establish relations in Bulgaria, Rumania and Ukraine
Hocker supervises move of Brown's Ferry vessel to permanent exhibition site in Georgetown, SC
Survey of steamer Indiana continues in Lake Superior
Studies in Nautical Archeology Series inaugurated with publication of Those Vulgar Tubes: External Sanitary Accommodations Aboard European Ships of the Fifteenth through Seventeenth Centuries, by Joe Simmons

1993

Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey, continues under Pulak
Crisman and Cohn direct study of schooner Water Witch, lost in 1866, in Lake Champlain
Elizabeth Baldwin directs study of sidewheel steamship Champlain II, published in UAP (1994)
Underwater survey at Mount Independence, Vermont, continued by Crisman
Excavation of 17th-century Dutch freighter with the Center for Ship Archaeology in the Netherlands
Underwater survey in Turkey by Pulak and Tufan Turanli finds shipment of medieval millstones, a large Corinthian column, a Byzantine cargo of marble architectural elements, and a Byzantine amphora wreck
Hall continues on the Monte Cristi wreck, Dominican Republic, published in UAP (1994)
Survey of steamer Indiana continues in Lake Superior
Ralph Pedersen conducts underwater survey in Bahrain
George Bass becomes George O. Yamini Family Professor of Nautical Archaeology, Texas A&M
Crisman receives Award of Merit from the Society for Historical Archaeology
Roger Smith publishes Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus (Oxford)

1994

Field work at Uluburun, Turkey, concludes
Survey in Red Sea off Egypt by Doug and Cheryl Haldane locates wreck at Sadana Island
Wachsmann begins survey of Tantura Lagoon near Dor, Israel, jointly with Haifa University
Turkish underwater surveys continued by Pulak; Cape Gelidonya ship's anchor found
Excavation of the Reader's Point Vessel, an eighteenth-century sloop in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica
At the Bodrum Museum, Turkey, conducted summer school in the conservation of submerged antiquities, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities
During preparation of Yassiada exhibit in Bodrum castle, INA conducts rescue excavation of Hellenistic through modern levels beneath floor of chapel - INA's first land excavation!
Steffy publishes Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks (Texas A&M University Press)
Peggy Leshikar publishes The Wreck of the Ten Sails

1995

Hocker begins excavation of Byzantine shipwreck at Selimiye near Bozburun, Turkey
Haldanes begin excavation of eighteenth-century wreck at Sadana Island in the Red Sea, published in IJNA (1996)
Erika Washburn directs study of the Royal Navy 1812 brig Linnet in Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1996)
Eric Emery directs study of the U.S. Navy 1812 gunboat Allen in Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1996)
Ralph Pedersen surveys a wreck preliminarily dated to the 6th/7th century at Black Assarca Island, Eritrea
Study of Annabella, a nineteenth-century coasting schooner in Cape Neddick, Maine
Hocker establishes cooperative arrangement between INA and Danish National Museum's new Center for Maritime Archaeology
Wayne Smith advises the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena, Consejo de Arqueologia Subacuatica (Council of Underwater Archaeology), San Juan, Puerto Rico, on feasibility of developing a conservation facility.
Wachsmann publishes The Sea of Galilee Boat: An Extraordinary 2000 Year Old Discovery
Ribbon-cutting ceremony officially opens INA's Bodrum Center

1996

TAMU establishes Archaeological Preservation Research Laboratory; Wayne Smith is Director
Excavation of Byzantine wreck at Selimiye, Turkey, continued by Hocker; published in UAP (1997)
Excavation of eighteenth-century wreck at Sadana Island, Egypt, continued by the Haldanes
Underwater survey in Turkey locates wreck of the mid-fifth century B.C.
Bob Neyland directs excavation of late medieval inland merchant vessel in Netherlands in cooperation with Center for Ship Archaeology
Crisman and Cohn begin survey for shipwrecks at Angra Bay, Terceira Island, Azores
Wachsmann continues work at Tantura Lagoon and does preliminary survey off Ashkelon, Israel
Hamilton publishes Basic Methods of Conserving Underwater Archaeological Material Culture
Thomas Oertling publishes Ships' Bilge Pumps: A History of Their Development, 1500-1900, as the second volume in our Studies in Nautical Archaeology Series (TAMU Press)
Bass publishes Shipwrecks in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
Pedersen publishes Waterschip ZN42i: A Clenched-Lap Fishing Vessel from Flevoland, The Netherlands
Conservation and study of Uluburun Bronze Age artifacts continues in Bodrum, Turkey, under Pulak
Fred van Doorninck retires

1997

Hamilton begins conservation of hull and contents of La Salle's flagship La Belle in College Station; published in May 1997 National Geographic
Excavation of a mid-first millennium wreck at Black Assarca Island, Eritrea directed by Ralph Pedersen
President Demirel of Turkey opens exhibit in Bodrum Museum of full-scale replica, designed and mostly built by INA/TAMU, of stern and galley of the 7th-century Byzantine ship excavated at Yassiada
Eric Heinold and Christopher Sabick direct recording of War of 812 wrecks Tecumseh, Newash, and Nancy in Ontario, Canada
Survey for shipwrecks off south coast of Terceira Island, Azores, continues
Crisman and Cohn record two canal boat wrecks in Lake Champlain
Cohn discovers intact gunboat from Benedict Arnold's 1776 Revolutionary War flotilla in Lake Champlain
Jerome Hall begins study for publication of the hull of the Sea Of Galilee Boat in Israel
Wayne Smith and Cemal Pulak join Texas A&M faculty
Barto Arnold, discoverer of La Belle, joins INA; Civil War blockade-runner Denbigh identified near Galveston by INA reconnaissance survey
Gary Martin becomes President of INA Foundation
Chatham Press obtains United Kingdom rights for Studies in Nautical Archaeology
Hocker publishes A Small Cog, Wrecked on the Zuiderzee in the Early 15th Century, with K. Vlierman, and continues excavation of Byzantine wreck at Selimiye (Bozburun), Turkey
Lawrence Mott publishes The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale, as the third volume in our Studies in Nautical Archaeology Series
Sam Mark, second Mr. and Mrs. Ray Siegfried II Fellow, publishes From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes as fourth volume in Studies in Nautical Archaeology Series
Publication of second edition of Those Vulgar Tubes by Joe Simmons
Wachsmann's The Sea of Galilee Boat wins the Biblical Archaeology Society's Biannual Award for the Best Popular Book on Biblical Archaeology published in 1995-1996
Sadana Island Shipwreck study season in the Alexandria Conservation Laboratory for Submerged Antiquities by Cheryl Ward
Pulak continues conservation and study of Uluburun shipwreck materials in Turkey

1998

Publication of Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant by Shelley Wachsmann (Texas A&M University Press)
Publication of When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America by Kevin Crisman and Arthur Cohn (Smithsonian Institution Press)
Kevin Crisman on joint INA-Dirreccao Regional da Cultura (DRC - Azores Cultural Ministry) shipwreck survey around the islands of Faial, Pico and Sao Jorge in the Azores
Final season of excavation at Sadana Island, Egypt, by Cheryl Ward and Douglas Haldane
Final season of excavation of Byzantine wreck at Selimiye, Turkey, by Hocker
Barto Arnold directs predisturbance survey and archival research on Denbigh, conducts a survey of a ferro-concrete Whale-backed tanker at Galveston, and with the University of Texas at Brownsville conducts a steamboat wreck reconnaissance survey
Conservation of Uluburun artifacts continues in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology

1999

Bass and Deborah Carlson begin excavation of fifth-century B.C. shipwreck at Tektas Burnu, Turkey. National Geographic Explorer segment on the project is telecast.
Barto Arnold directs test excavations of Denbigh
Cheryl Ward, Ayse Atauz and Kathryn Willis represent INA in the Institute for Exploration Black Sea Trade Project
Ayse Atauz begins underwater surveys in Malta
Dan Davis leads an underwater expedition to the Georgian Black Sea coast
Erkut Arçak and Cemal Pulak begin a study of the famed Sultan's galley Kadirga in the Naval Museum in Istanbul
Kroum Bachvarov leads an INA/Varna Museum of Archaeology survey off the coast of Bulgaria
Working from INA Director George Robb's boat, Brett Phaneuf surveys for wrecks off Morocco
Shelley Wachsmann conducts a search for deep wrecks off Israel from George Robb's vessel, Robo
Conservation of La Belle continues in College Station under Hamilton
Conservation and study of artifacts from Uluburun continue in Bodrum under Pulak and Kathy Hall
INA begins collaboration with Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Nautica e Subaquatica (CNANS) of Portugal on excavation of early 17th-century Portuguese Indiaman at mouth of the Tagus River under direction of Filipe Castro
INA-DRC survey of wrecks around the islands of Faial, Pico and Flores in the Azores
Athena Trakadas and Stefan Claesson conduct an underwater survey in Tangier Bay, Morocco

2000

Jerome L. Hall becomes INA President
With help from the Institute for Aegean Prehistory, INA acquires two-person Seamobile submersible, Carolyn, and in Turkey builds a 45-foot catamaran, Millawanda, to tend it
Excavation of fifth-century B.C. shipwreck at Tektas Burnu, Turkey, continues. First use of two-person submersible Carolyn
Cheryl Ward and Kathryn Willis represent INA in the Institute for Exploration Black Sea Trade Project
Tufan Turanli begins "Shipwrecks of Anatolia" project to document fully all the wrecks INA has discovered or examined over the years off the Turkish coast
Full-scale excavation of Civil War blockade-runner Denbigh begins at Galveston
Kroum Bachvarov and Hristina Angelova begin a joint INA/CUA (Center of Underwater Archaeology at Sozopol) excavation of an Ottoman shipwreck in Bulgaria
Brett Phaneuf and George Robb conduct a remote-sensing survey of the sunken remains of D-Day at Normandy, France, with the U.S. Naval Historical Center's Underwater Archaeology Branch
Ayse Atauz continues Maltese underwater survey
Greene conducts reconnaissance in Butrint, Albania
INA cooperates with Nergis Günsenin in her excavation of a Byzantine shipwreck off Marmara Island, Turkey
Erkut Arçak continues his study of the Sultan's galley Kadirga in Istanbul
Turkish Minister of Culture Talay opens Bronze Age Hall in Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology to display remains from Cape Gelidonya, Sheytan Deresi, and Uluburun
Ribbons cut for new Library, with Mary and Lamar Tooze Readings Rooms; Nixon Griffis Conservation Laboratory; and Nason Computer Center at INA Headquarters in Bodrum
Conservation of Uluburun shipwrecked artifacts continues in Bodrum under Pulak and Kathy Hall
Collaboration with CNANS on excavation of wreck in mouth of Tagus River, Portugal, continues
Crisman represents INA in joint INA-DRC CNANS project to record an Iberian galleon of ca. 1600 sunk off Angra, Terceira Island, Azores
Bass retires from Texas A&M University

2001

Barto Arnold conducts reconnaissance survey of Salt River Bay, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, and continues excavation of Denbigh along with archival research
Robert Ballard describes INA's role in his Black Sea Trade Project in the May National Geographic
Bass concludes excavation at Tektas and undertakes survey with the submersible Carolyn
Hall continues excavation at Isla Cabra, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic
Arnold excavates Civil War blockade runner Denbigh for second season in Galveston, Texas.
Conservation of Uluburun artifacts continues in Turkey under Kathy Hall and Cemal Pulak
Piercy and Matthews continue cataloging material from Santo Antonio de Tanna in Mombasa, Kenya
Bachvarov continues investigations in Bulgaria
ROV survey of large amphora pile off Maltese coast by Atauz
Erkut Arçak passes at age 30

2002

Bass publishes account of Tektas excavation in March issue of National Geographic
Bass begins excavation of the 6th century B.C. wreck at Pabuç Burnu
Jerome Hall resigns Presidency of INA for Professorship at University of San Diego
Donny L. Hamilton appointed President of INA
Bass awarded National Medal of Science by President George W. Bush at White House Ceremony
Wachsmann launches geoarchaeological survey of Portuguese Phoenician sites
Filipe Castro continues excavations in the Arade River, Portimao, Portugal
Arnold continues excavation of Civil War blockade runner Denbigh
Extensive updating of INA web site begun
INA-Egypt acquires portable recompression chamber

 

2003/4
Dr. Donny L. Hamilton, President of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), continued to work on the final report on the Port Royal Project and took a leave from teaching to facilitate it.
Drs. Donny Hamilton and Filipe Castro went to Playa de Damas in Panama to look at a early 16th-century Spanish shipwreck and to negotiate INA excavating it in the summer of 2004.
Dr. Jerome Lynn Hall, former President of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, conducted another excavation season on the 17th -century shipwreck on the north coast of the Dominican Republic. He also continues the preparation of his report on the project.
George Bass, Co-Founder of INA, conducted the second and final season of excavation on Pabuc Burnu, a sixth-century BC shipwreck off the Aegean coast of Turkey.
Dr. Cemal Pulak, along with several NAP students continued another season, documenting the 16th -century Kadirga Galley housed in the Naval Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
Dr. Cemal Pulak, along with four students, analyzed Uluburun artifacts for the final report.
Dr. Faith Henshell, along with INA staff, conducted a survey for shipwrecks on long the southwestern coast of Turkey.
Justin Leidwainger conducted a survey on the western coast of Cyprus
Katie Custer and Sara Hoskins conducted a survey for shipwrecks on the north south coast of the Dominican Republic around Santo Domingo Bay and the coastline to the east.
Dante Giulian Bartoli conducted a survey for shipwrecks on east center of the "toe" of Italy between Roccella to Badolatao Marina.
The Conservation staff in Bodrum Turkey continued the conservation of the artifacts from the 1300 BC Uluburun shipwreck and the material from other INA projects.
Dr. Kevin Crisman, Texas A&M University Nautical Archaeology Program (TAMU/NAP) Professor, conducted the first excavation season on an early 19th-century river boat in the Red River for the Oklahoma Historical Association.
Dr. Shelley Wachsmann worked on the final report on his a survey for evidence of harbor facilities and shipwrecks in know Phoenician ports in Portugal in 2003.
Dr. Filipe Viera de Castro, TAMU/NAP Professor, worked in the Lisbon Library for his book on Iberian ships.
Dr. Frederick van Doorninck, Jr. continued work on volume three of the Serce Limani report, an 11 th-century shipwreck off of Turkey.
Mr. J. Barto Arnold, INA Archaeologist, is preparing the final report on his excvation conducted his fourth and final season of excavation on the Denbigh, a Civil War blockade runner that ran aground in Galveston Bay, Texas.
Mr. Douglas Haldane, Director of INA Egypt, finished the conservation of the Sadana Project and after many years, he and his wife, Jane Purnell, decided to move to the United States. With their move, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology in Egypt was closed.
Ms. Athena Trakada, in association with RPM Nautical Foundation and Mr. George Robb, Director of INA, conducted the second season of a two-year an archaeological survey along the coast of Morocco.
Mr. Robin Piercy and Sheila Mathews continue their research on the 17th-century Portuguese shipwreck at Mombasa, Kenya and worked on the final report on the project.
Mr. Kroum Batchvarov , TAMU/NAP graduate student, completed the excavation on of a possible early 18th-century shipwreck in the Black Sea in Bulgaria.
Mr. Matthew Harpster, TAMU/NAP graduate student, continued his study of the 9th-century hull of a shipwreck from the Bozburun Wreck in Turkey for his dissertation in the Nautical Archaeology Program.

 


A PARTIAL LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RESULTING FROM INA RESEARCH

Azores
Bozburun Byzantine Shipwreck, Turkey
Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico Shipwrecks
Colonial Period Shipwrecks of North America
Conservation of Archaeological Materials
Denbigh
INA-Egypt
INA in Israel
The Kyrenia Ship Restoration
Lake Champlain Projects
Books from INA-Sponsored Projects in the Netherlands
Port Royal, Jamaica
Texas A&M University M.A. theses and Ph.D. Dissertations on Port Royal, Jamaica:
Santo António de Tana, Mombasa, Kenya
Serçe Limani "Glass Wreck," Turkey
Tektas Burnu Wreck, Turkey
Uluburun (Kas ) Wreck, Turkey

Uluburun Publications by Project Directors (listed alphabetically by author)

Uluburun Publications Endorsed by Project Directors (listed alphabetically by author)

Other Popular Accounts of Uluburun


AZORES

Crisman, K., "Crossroads of the North Atlantic: The 1996 and 1997 Angra Bay Shipwreck Surveys, Terceira Island, Azores," INA Quarterly 25.2 (summer 1998).
Crisman, K., "Angra A: The Copper-fastened Wreck at Porto Novo (Angra do Heroísmo, Azores -Portugal)," Revista portuguesa de arqueologia 2.1 (1999), with B. Jordan.
Crisman, K., "Angra B: The Lead-sheathed Wreck at Porto Novo (Angra do Heroísmo, Azores- Portugal)," Revista portuguesa arqueologia 2.1 (1999).
Crisman, K., "Looking for Ships: The 1998 Central Azores Shipwreck Survey," INA Quarterly 26.1 (Spring 1999).
Crisman, K. and Garcia, C., "The Shipwrecks of Angra Bay, 2000-2001," INA Quarterly 28.4 (Winter 2001).

BOZBURUN BYZANTINE SHIPWRECK

Hocker, Fred, "A Ninth-Century Shipwreck near Bozburun, Turkey," INA Quarterly 22.1 (1995) 12-14.
Hocker, Fred, "The Byzantine Shipwreck at Bozburun, Turkey: The 1995 Field Season," INA Quarterly 22.4 (1995) 3-8.
Hocker, Frederick M., and Michael P. Scafuri, "Bozburun Shipwreck Excavation: Preliminary Results from the 1996 Season," Underwater Archaeology 1997, Denise A. Lakey, ed., (Society for Historical Archaeology, 1997) 97-103.
Johnson, David A., and Michael P. Scafuri, "Riding a New Wave: Digital Technology and Underwater Archaeology," INA Quarterly 22.3 (1995) 16-20.

CARIBBEAN AND GULF OF MEXICO SHIPWRECKS

Geddes, Donald G., "Archival Research Concerning the Loss of four ships of the 1691 Spanish Tierra Firme Fleet: A Preliminary Report," Society for Historical Archaeology Journal (1988) 65-67.
Geddes, Donald G., III, "Archival Research: The Search for the Columbus Caravels at St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kingston, Jamaica 1992, D.H. Keith and T.L. Carrell, eds. (SHA, 1992) 148-151.
Goold, J., "A Question Now Answered: 'Who Owns Sunken Spanish Shipwrecks?'" INA Quarterly 28.4 (Winter 2001).
Hajovsky, Ric, "Phase II of the Search for Gallega," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Baltimore, Maryland 1989, J. Barto Arnold III, ed. (SHA 1989) 104-107.
Hall, Jerome, "In the Shadow of Monte Cristi," INA Newsletter 16.2 (1989) 12-15.
Hall, Jerome Lynn, "The 17th-Century Merchant Vessel at Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Richmond, Virginia 1991, John D. Broadwater, ed. (SHA, 1991) 84-87.
Hall, Jerome, "An Expedition to the Bay of Christ's Mountain, Dominican Republic," INA Quarterly 19.2 (1992) 3-7.
Hall, Jerome Lynn, "The 17th-Century Merchant Shipwreck in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic: The Second Excavation Season Interim Report," Underwater Archeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kansas City, Missouri 1993, Sheli O. Smith, ed. (SHA, 1993) 95-101.
Hall, Jerome L., "Spanish Coins, Dutch Clay Pipes and the English Ship: The Monte Cristi Shipwreck Project Interim Report," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia 1994, Robyn P. Woodward and Charles D. Moore, eds. (SHA, 1994) 32-39.
Hall, Jerome Lynn, "A Quest for Simplicity: Musings on the Seventeenth-Century ‘Pipe Wreck' in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic," INA Quarterly 21.1/2 (1994) 29-37.
Hoyt, Steve, "Genovesa Survey 1981," INA Newsletter 8.2 (1981) 1-2, 4.
Keith, Donald H., "Campeche Shipwreck," INA Newsletter 7.1 (1980) 7.
Keith, Donald H., "Known Sites," Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archeology, P.F. Johnston, ed. (Society for Historical Archeology, 1985) 114-115.
Keith, Donald H., "Ships of Discovery Research," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 6-7.
Keith, Donald H., "MRW Reconstruction Continues Amid Capers and Conservation," INA Newsletter 12.4 (1986) 6-7.
Keith, Donald H., "Shipwrecks of the Explorers," in G.F. Bass, ed., Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas (New York and London (1988) 45-68.
Keith, Donald H., "Three Goals Set, Reached During Three Weeks at Hcay," INA Newsletter 14.3/4 (1988) 6-7.
Keith, Donald H., "The Molasses Reef Wreck Project," INA Newsletter 16.3 (1989) 4-9.
Keith, Donald H., J.A. Duff, S.R. James, T.J. Oertling, and J.J. Simmons, "The Molasses Reef Wreck, Turks and Caicos Islands, B.W.I.: A Preliminary Report," International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 13 (1984) 45-63.
Keith, Donald H., and J.J. Simmons, "Analysis of Hull Remains, Ballast, and Artifact Distribution of a 16th-Century Shipwreck, Molasses Reef, British West Indies," Journal of Field Archaeology 12 (1985) 411-424.
Keith, Donald H., Denise C. Lakey, Joe J. Simmons, III, and Mark D. Myers, "Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Baltimore, Maryland 1989, J. Barto Arnold, ed., (SHA 1989) 87-100.
Lakey, Denise, "Historical and Archival Research," Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology, P.F. Johnston, ed. (Society for Historical Archaeology, 1985) 111-114.
Lakey, Denise, "Necessary Use of Documents has Inherent Uncertainties," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 8-9.
Lakey, Denise, and Joe Simmons, "The Third Expedition to Cay Nuevo, " INA Newsletter 10.2 (1983) 12-45.
Lamb, William, "Oft-Spurned Ballast is Seen as Another Data Source," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 12-13.
Lessmann, Anne W., "The Rhenish Stoneware from the Monte Cristi Shipwreck, Dominican Republic," Underwater Archaeology 1997, Denise A. Lakey, ed. (Society for Historical Archaeology, 1997) 121-127.
Luna, Pilar, "Two Expeditions to the Gulf of Mexico and the Recovery of the Oldest Bronze Cannon in America," Underwater Archaeology: The Challenge Before Us, Gordon P. Watts, Jr., ed. (Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Underwater Archaeology, San Marino, 1981) 76-80.
Myers, Mark D., "The Ships of Discovery and Exploration," Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology, P.F. Johnston, ed. (Society for Historical Archaeology, 1985) 110-111.
Myers, Mark, and Joe Simmons, "Enlivening History from Artifacts," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 10-11.
Neville, John C., Robert S. Neyland, and James M. Parrent, "The Search for Columbus's Last Ships: The 1991 Field Season," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kingston, Jamaica 1992, D.H. Keith and T.L. Carrell, eds. (SHA, 1992) 152-158.
Oertling, Thomas, "Scant Hull Fragments Offer Small But Meaningful Clues," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 14-15.
Oertling, Thomas J., "The Highborn Cay and Molasses Reef Wrecks: Two Early 16th-Century Hulls," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Soc