HISTORY OF INA RESEARCH
° Foreword by Dr.
George F. Bass, Co-Founder, President Emeritus
°
A History of INA by Year
° A Listing
of Publications Resulting From INA Research by Project
° A Listing
of Publications by INA Staff by Author
° History of
the INA Board of Directors by Year
FOREWORD
In 1972, INA was only a dream,
although an incorporated dream. The dream was spelled out in Proposal for the Foundation of an American Institute
of Nautical Archaeology, which was almost universally ignored. Then, in the spring of 1973, a few farsighted businessmen
and women met in Philadelphia for the first Board Meeting, and the Institute became a reality. The first year's
budget was $50,000--for everything. Three of the original staff of four had pioneered shipwreck archaeology in
the 1960s while still students at the University of Pennsylvania.
I decided to compile the following pages to mark INA's 25th Anniversary Celebration in 1998, to remind myself and
others how far we have come in our first quarter century. It does not claim, therefore, to be complete--I was not
even able to reach some of the staff for their bibliographies, and thus tried to list as many of their titles as
possible from the books in my library. I ask that readers fill in any missing blanks so that a corrected version
of this may become a permanent record of our early years.
What have we accomplished so far?
There has been no more important an excavation in the field of historical archaeology during the past half century
than that conducted at Port Royal, Jamaica, the richest English colony in the New World, sunk beneath the waves
in 1692 by an earthquake that submerged houses, inns, shops, and their uniquely preserved contents. That excavation,
alone, is more than similar institutes might have hoped to accomplish.
There has been no more important a preclassical Mediterranean site excavated in recent decades than the Uluburun
shipwreck in Turkey, with its 18,000 artifacts from nearly a dozen different cultures, twenty tons in all, precisely
dated to within a few years of 1300 B.C. by the tree rings in a log, perhaps firewood, carried on board. This site
is revolutionizing our picture of the Late Bronze Age--the time of the Trojan War, King Tut, and the Exodus. Its
excavation, alone, would justify the existence of an archaeological institute.
There has been no more important a medieval site excavated in the past half century than the Serçe Liman
shipwreck in Turkey, with the largest collection of medieval Islamic glass in the world (between 10,000 and 20,000
vessels), the largest collections of Byzantine tools and weapons, the earliest dated chess set, and so much more,
all dated almost exactly to the year 1025 by inscribed objects on board. The curator of Islamic Art at the Metropolitan
Museum of Art in New York has written that this excavation, alone, has revolutionized the study of medieval Islamic
art.
Now we are, for the first time, excavating a wreck from the Golden Age of Classical Greece, between 440 and 425
B.C., but we do not yet know all that this wreck at Tektas Burnu, Turkey, holds.
INA researchers have written the definitive history of Lake Champlain, excavated the oldest shipwreck ever found
in the New World, excavated the oldest ship ever found in the Old World, were the first to excavate shipwrecks
of the American Revolution--both American and British--, have pioneered shipwreck archaeology in East Africa, from
Egypt to Kenya through Eritrea, and given the world its first chance to see what a classical Greek ship looked
like sailing across Homer's wine-dark sea! Even now, an INA scholar is studying in Israel the Roman-period fishing
boat excavated by another INA scholar before he joined INA.
INA divers, already the first to discover an ancient ship with sonar, and the first to map the seabed with accuracy
by means of their own techniques, became the first to excavate a wreck using saturation diving, and set a record
for any underwater project undertaken with compressed-air equipment with their 22,5000 dives to between 145 and
200 feet at Uluburun, Turkey. INA researchers have made Texas A&M University a world center for the conservation
of underwater archaeological finds, as shown by its current conservation of La Salle's ship La Belle, and by its
current experiments with silicone oils likely to revolutionize the field of archaeological conservation.
In order to disseminate the results of its research in scholarly and popular form, INA has begun four separate
publications series: The Nautical Archaeology Series (Texas A&M Press) for major excavation reports, Studies
in Nautical Archaeology (Texas A&M Press in the U.S. and Chatham Publishing in the U.K.) for slimmer works,
including those written by graduate students as M.A. theses, INA Reports in the International Journal of Nautical
Archaeology, and the INA Quarterly (formerly INA Newsletter). It is especially heartening to see how young scholars
develop a habit for publishing quickly by writing for the INA Quarterly and soon move on to writing books for national
and international publishers. The approximately 400 publications written by INA archaeologists that are listed
in the following pages give an idea of the record INA is leaving for future generations.
By affiliating with Texas A&M University, INA has advanced the field of underwater archaeology not only in
the United States, by training the state archaeologists for several states, but around the world, by training students
from Peru, China, Jamaica, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Japan, England, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey,
France, Albania, and other lands.
In return for the financial aid provided by Texas A&M, INA's many appearances on all the major television networks,
its several one-hour specials on PBS-TV, and its articles in National Geographic and other popular magazines around
the world have all added to the university's positive image to an immense audience.
With a newly discovered shipwreck of the middle of the fifth century B.C., the first ever found from the height
of classical Greek civilization, and the acquisition of a two-person submersible that should help locate hundreds
of others wrecks, INA has the opportunity for continuing to revolutionize our knowledge of the past in various
parts of the world. Equally exciting is INA's development of an in-state program in Texas, beginning with work
on the Confederate blockade-runner Denbigh. Let us hope that INA's second quarter century will be as deserving
of celebration as its first, for not only are we writing the definitive history of ships, but we are adding new
chapters to the histories of technology, art, commerce, and so much more.
George F. Bass
May 2, 2001
A HISTORY
OF INA BY YEAR
1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003/4
|
1972
|
| INA incorporated in Pennsylvania by G.
Bass, A. Bass, and Steven Gadon |
| George Bass publishes A History of Seafaring
Based on Underwater Archaeology (also in Dutch, French, Swedish, Italian and German editions) |
|
1973
|
| First Board Meeting in Philadelphia brings
together founding directors |
| Survey off Turkish coast by Bass locates
a dozen wrecks, including those since excavated by INA at Seytan Deresi, Serçe Liman , and Selimiye 1974;
survey published in IJNA 3 (1973) |
| Fourth-century B.C. Kyrenia Ship being
restored in Cyprus, published by Susan & Michael Katzev as "Last Harbor for the Oldest Ship" in National
Geographic (November 1974) |
|
1974
|
| Summer Field School directed by Bass at
Yassiada, Turkey, although aborted by Cyprus War, leads to new publication of the fourth-century Yassiada hull
in IJNA 5 (1976) |
| INA Newsletter (now Quarterly) inaugurated
by Cynthia Eiseman |
|
1975
|
| First scientific excavation of an American
Revolutionary War ship begins on the Defense in Penobscot Bay, Maine, under Bass and Dave Switzer; site found by
INA Director W.F. Searle, Jr. |
| Excavation of a cargo from ca. 1600 B.C.,
at Seytan Deresi, Turkey, published in IJNA 5 (1976) |
| Restoration of the classical Greek ship
completed at Kyrenia, Cyprus, by Katzevs and Dick Steffy |
| Survey of a wreck located in Mombasa Harbor,
Kenya, by Don Frey and Robin Piercy |
| Bass publishes Archaeology Beneath the Sea |
|
1976
|
| Underwater survey off Sicily, including
inspection of a Hellenistic wreck at Secca di Capistello |
| Excavation of the Defense in Maine, continues under Switzer, published in UAP (1978) |
| Excavations begin at Minoan harbor town
of Kommos on Crete, now being published by Joseph Shaw and others in multi-volume set by Princeton University Press |
| First scientific excavation of a British
vessel from the American Revolutionary War, the "Cornwallis Cave Wreck" in the York River, Virginia,
published in IJNA 7 (1978) |
| Commonwealth archaeologists advised by
Bass that next wreck excavated in the river should be surrounded by a coffer dam in which the water is filtered
for visibility, with a pier built from land to the dam; this led to the successful excavation of the Betsy (see
National Geographic June 1988 ) |
| INA affiliates with and moves its headquarters
to Texas A&M University, where Bass, Steffy, and, shortly afterward, Fred van Doorninck join the faculty |
|
1977
|
| Saturation diving for excavation of Hellenistic
wreck off La Secca de Capistello, Lipari, Italy, directed by Frey, published in IJNA 7 (1978) and UAP (1978) |
| Excavation of eleventh-century "Glass
Wreck" at Serçe Limani , Turkey, begins, published in IJNA 7(1978), UAP (1978), and as "Glass
Treasure from the Aegean" in June 1978 National Geographic |
| Excavation of Portuguese frigate Santo
Antonio de Tanna (sunk 1697) begins at Mombasa, Kenya, under Piercy; published in IJNA 6 (1977) |
| Excavation of the Defence continues under Switzer in Penobscot Bay, Maine |
|
1978
|
| Bass and van Doorninck direct second campaign
on the "Glass Wreck" at Serçe Limani , Turkey |
| Steffy builds scale model of the colonial
vessel raised at Brown's Ferry in South Carolina, published in UAP (1978) and, with Alan Albright, in IJNA 8 (1979) |
| Piercy continues excavation of Santo Antonio
de Tanna in Kenya; published in IJNA 7 (1978) |
| Switzer continues excavation of Defense in Maine |
| Survey of Black Cloud (sunk 1873) in the Trinity River, Texas, by Texas A&M students |
| Investigation of the Griffon Cove Wreck
in Lake Huron, published in UAP (1981) |
| Donny Hamilton joins INA and Texas A&M
faculty |
|
1979
|
| One-month course at University of Mexico,
including dives in a sacred lake, by Bass and Don Keith |
| Joint project with Mexican Department of
Underwater Archaeology on 16th-century wreck at Cayo |
| Nuevo in the zone of Campeche, Gulf of
Mexico, published in UAP (1981) |
| Observation of 13th-century Chinese shipwreck
excavation at Shinan-gun, Korea, published by Donald Keith as "A 14th-Century Cargo Makes Port at Last"
in August 1979 National Geographic, in UAP (1981), and in IJNA 10 (1981) with C.J. Buys |
| Excavation begins on Hellenistic wreck
at Serçe Limani , Turkey, published in AJA 91 (1987) |
| Excavation of Serçe Limani "Glass
Wreck" completed, published in IJNA 11 (1982) & UAP (1981) |
| Underwater survey of ancient anchorage
at Serçe Limani , by Dory Slane, published in UAP (1981) |
| Conservation of iron plate raised from
Civil War ironclad Monitor by Hamilton |
| Defense excavation continues in Maine, published in UAP (1981) |
| Survey for wrecks around Cayman Island
in the Caribbean directed by Roger Smith |
| Excavation of Santo Antonio de Tanna continues in Kenya, published in IJNA 8 (1979) |
|
1980
|
| Excavation of Santo Antonio de Tanna in
Kenya completed; published in IJNA 10 (1981) |
| Excavation of Hellenistic Serçe
Liman wreck continues in Turkey, published in AJA 91 (1987) |
| Survey for wrecks around Cayman Islands
continues under Smith |
| Joint project on 16th-century wreck at
Campeche, with Mexican Dept. of Underwater Archaeology, published in UAP (1981) |
| Steffy directs excavation and identification
of General Cornwallis's Charon in the York River, Virginia, published in UAP (1981) |
| Underwater survey for wrecks in Turkish
waters. published in IJNA 10 (1981) |
| INA purchases
Virazon |
|
1981
|
| Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, sunk
during earthquake in 1692, begins under Hamilton |
| Survey under Turkish waters from
Virazon
directed by Frey |
| Survey of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, for two
ships Columbus abandoned on his fourth voyage |
| Survey of Pedro Bank off Jamaica locates
four 17th-century wrecks; published in IJNA 13 (1984) |
| The Ancient Ship of Kyrenia wins award in French film festival |
| The Ancient Mariners, telecast nationally |
| Excavation of
Defense in Maine concludes |
| Ed Doran publishes Wanka: Austronesian
Canoe Origins (Texas A&M University Press) |
|
1982
|
| INA hosts Council of Europe field school
on 16th-century Ottoman wreck at Yassiada, Turkey |
| First dives on Bronze Age wreck at Uluburun,
Turkey, discovered through Frey's annual surveys |
| Katzevs and Steffy supervise construction
of a full-scale replica of the Kyrenia ship |
| Hamilton continues excavation of Port Royal,
Jamaica, published in IJNA 13 (1984) |
| Survey of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, continues |
| Keith begins excavation at Molasses Reef
wreck, Turks and Caicos Islands, of what is probably oldest known wreck in the New World, published in IJNA 13
(1984) |
| Joint project with Mexican department on
16th-century wreck at Cayo Nuevo |
| Pedro Bank survey off Jamaica continues |
| Steffy consults on excavation of 18th-century
merchantman at Water Street in Manhattan |
| Bass and van Doorninck publish
Yassi Ada
I: A Seventh Century Byzantine Shipwreck as first volume in new INA Nautical Archaeology Series (Texas A&M
University Press) |
| B. Ford and Dave Switzer publish
Underwater
Dig: The Excavation of a Revolutionary War Privateer about the
Defense |
|
1983
|
| Cemal Pulak directs survey of Bronze Age
wreck at Uluburun, Turkey; published in IJNA 13 (1984) |
| Excavation of 16th-century Ottoman wreck
at Yassiada, Turkey, continues under Pulak |
| Steffy studies Athlit ram in Israel for
publication |
| Cynthia Eiseman and Don Frey study and
photograph Porticello material for publication |
| Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, continues
under Hamilton, published in Archaeology (1984) |
| Third joint expedition to Cayo Nuevo with
Mexican colleagues |
| Excavation of Molasses Reef wreck completed
by Keith; published in JFA 12 (1985) |
| Survey of 16th-century wreck at Highborn
Cay in the Bahamas; published in IJNA 14 (1985) |
| Kevin Crisman publishes
The History and
Construction of the United States Schooner Ticonderoga |
|
1984
|
| Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun
begins under Bass; published in AJA 90 (1986) |
| Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, continues
under Hamilton |
| Denise Lakey does research in the Archives
of the Indies, Seville, Spain, published in UAP (1985) |
| Steffy studies Roman boat found at Herculaneum,
Italy, published in AJA (1985) |
| Full-scale sailing replica of Kyrenia ship
completed |
| Search for Columbus ships in St. Ann's
Bay, Jamaica, continues |
| Joint survey of 16th-century shipwreck
at Bahia Mujeres with Mexican colleagues |
| Conservation of Serçe Limani Glass
Wreck, Yassiada Ottoman Wreck, Santo
Antonio de Tanna, and Molasses
Reef Wreck continues on three continents |
| Keith leads survey for survivors of Molasses
Reef Wreck on West Caicos |
| Frey continues annual underwater surveys
in Turkey |
|
1985
|
| Excavations at Port Royal, Jamaica, continued
by Hamilton |
| Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun,
Turkey, continues, published in AJA 92 (1988) |
| Conservation of Molasses Reef Wreck, Serçe
Limani Wreck, Santo Antonio
de Tanna, and Yassiada Ottoman
Wreck continues |
| Steffy becomes MacArthur Fellow |
|
1986
|
| Kyrenia II sails up Hudson River in Tall Ships Parade honoring America's Fourth of July |
| Steffy consults on the Sea of Galilee Boat
salvaged by S. Wachsmann; published in IJNA 16 (1987) |
| Pulak directs excavation of Bronze Age
wreck at Uluburun, Turkey; published in AJA 93 (1989) |
| Excavation of 16th-century wreck at Highborn
Cay, Bahamas, published in IJNA 18 (1989) |
| Hamilton continues excavation of Port Royal,
Jamaica |
| Annual survey off Turkish coast continues
under Frey |
| Kyrenia II sails from Greece to Cyprus |
| Hocker records 17th-century passenger ferry
in Lelystad, Netherlands (to be published in 1998) |
| Bass receives Gold Medal for Distinguished
Archaeological Achievement from Archaeological Institute of America, & Lowell Thomas Ward for Underwater Exploration
from the Explorers Club |
| Crisman publishes Of Sailing Ships and
Sidewheelers: The History
and Nautical Archaeology of Lake Champlain |
|
1987
|
| Excavations at Uluburun, Turkey, continued
by Pulak, published as "Splendors of the Bronze Age" in December 1987 National Geographic |
| Excavation of Port Royal, Jamaica, continued
by Hamilton |
| Conservation of Molasses Reef Wreck continued
by Keith; published in IJNA 18 (1989) |
| Conservation of the Serçe Limani
"Glass Wreck" and Yassiada Ottoman wreck continues |
| Search by Keith for Columbus's Gallega begins in the Rio Belen, Panama |
| Cooperative relationship established by
Hocker with Dutch Museum of Ship Archaeology (later Center for Ship Archaeology, now National Institute for Ship
Archaeology) |
| Annual Turkish underwater survey |
| Cheryl Ward Haldane serves as consultant
to National Geographic Society on the Royal Boat Project by the pyramid of Khufu at Giza, Egypt (National Geographic
April 1988) |
| Voyage from Antiquity televised by NOVA as Ancient Treasures from the Deep |
| Return visit to Bronze Age wreck at Cape
Gelidonya, Turkey, leads to new finds |
| Kyrenia II sails from Cyprus to Greece |
| Cynthia Eiseman and Brunilde Ridgway publish
The Porticello Shipwreck:
A Mediterranean Merchant Vessel of 415-385 B.C. as the second volume in the INA Nautical Archaeology Series |
| Crisman publishes The Eagle: An American Brig on Lake Champlain during
the War of 1812 |
| Bass receives Honorary Doctorate from Bo
aziçi University, Istanbul |
|
1988
|
| Excavations at Port Royal, Jamaica, and
Uluburun, Turkey, continue |
| Land purchased for construction of an INA
Headquarters in Bodrum, Turkey |
| Search for Columbus's Gallega in Panama continued by Keith |
| Hocker and fellow students Mike Fitzgerald,
Sam Mark, and Bob Neyland record a 15th-century cog from Almere, Netherlands, published in 1997 |
| Bass publishes Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas, with chapters by Donald Keith, Roger Smith, Jody Simmons, Dick Steffy, Kevin
Crisman, W.F. Searle, Peggy Leshikar, and Ken Cassavoy |
| Bass receives National Geographic Society
Centennial Award |
|
1989
|
| Excavations at Port Royal, Jamaica, continued
by Hamilton |
| Excavations at Uluburun, Turkey, continued
by Pulak; published in UAP (1990) |
| Search for Columbus's Gallega in Panama continued by Keith |
| Cape Gelidonya survey continues (in Geographica
Section of National Geographic) |
| Conservation of materials from Port Royal,
Ottoman wreck at Yassiada, Turkey, and Molasses Reef Wreck, Turks and Caicos, continues |
| Restoration of the eleventh-century "Glass
Wreck" by Sheila Matthews nears completion in Bodrum |
| Cheryl Haldane studies ship timbers found
at Lisht by Metropolitan Museum of Art, and publishes them in The South Cemeteries of Lisht, Vol. III, by Dieter Arnold (Metropolitan Museum) |
|
1990
|
| Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun,
Turkey, continues under Pulak, published in Geographica Section of National Geographic |
| Field work at Port Royal, Jamaica, concludes,
published in UAP (1991); conservation continues |
| Serçe Limani "Glass Wreck"
permanent exhibit opens in Bodrum Museum in Turkey |
| Conservation of Yassiada Ottoman wreck
continues in Bodrum, Turkey |
| Annual Turkish survey includes dives on
300-foot-deep Yalikavak wreck in one-person sub |
| Dives on Bronze Age wreck site at Cape
Gelidonya, Turkey, reveal new evidence |
| Peggy Leshikar investigates the Wreck of
the Ten Sail off Grand Cayman, published in UAP (1992) |
| Hocker begins final recording and analysis
of Brown's Ferry vessel in Columbia, SC |
| Search for two Columbus caravels continues
in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica |
| Peggy Leshikar surveys for pre-Columbian
remains at Isla Cerritos, Yucatan, Mexico |
| Entire issue Biblical Archaeologist written
by INA/TAMU faculty and students |
| Cheryl Ward Haldane publishes The Pharaoh's Boat at the Carnegie with D.C. Patch |
| Meadows Professorship in Biblical Archaeology
initiated for TAMU Nautical Archaeology Program |
| Jerome Hall becomes first Marion Cook Fellow |
| Donny Hamilton and Wayne Smith begin experiments
with silicone oils for conservation |
| Dick Steffy, first Sara W. and George O.
Yamini Professor of Nautical Archaeology, retires |
| Kevin Crisman and Shelley Wachsmann join
INA and TAMU faculty |
| Wachsmann publishes The Excavations of an Ancient Boat from the Sea
of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) |
|
1991
|
| Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun,
Turkey, continues, published in UAP (1992) |
| Crisman and Arthur Cohn begin excavation
of horse-powered ferry of ca. 1830 in Lake Champlain |
| INA begins collaboration with Lake Champlain
Maritime Museum |
| Preliminary survey of Syrian coast |
| Search for Columbus's ships in St. Ann's
Bay, Jamaica, continues, published in UAP (1992) |
| Fred van Doorninck named Frederick R. Mayer
Professor at Texas A&M |
| Cemal Pulak becomes first Mr. and Mrs.
Ray H. Siegfried II Fellow at Texas A&M |
| Steffy publishes The Athlit Ram, with Lionel Casson, as third volume in the INA Nautical Archaeology Series (Texas
A&M University Press) |
| Jerome Hall begins excavation of the seventeenth-century
shipwreck in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic, published in UAP (1992) |
| David Robinson assists Paul Johnston of
Smithsonian in study of steamer Indiana in Lake Superior |
| Fred Hocker joins Texas A&M as the
Sara W. and George O. Yamini Faculty Fellow |
|
1992
|
| Excavation of colonial Clydesdale Plantation
vessel near Savannah, Georgia, by Sara W. and George O. Faculty Fellow Fred Hocker |
| Excavation of Burlington Bay Horse Ferry
of around 1830 continued by Crisman and Cohn Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1993) |
| Joseph Cozzi directs excavation of sailing
canal boat in Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1993, 1994, 1996) |
| Crisman and Cohn survey underwater at Mount
Independence, VT, a Revolutionary War fort |
| Pulak continues excavation of Bronze Age
shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey |
| Underwater survey in Sea of Galilee, Israel,
directed by Wachsmann |
| Search for Columbus's two caravels continues
in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica |
| Bill Charlton builds model of the Sea of
Galilee Boat excavated by Shelley Wachsmann |
| Two sixteenth-century ship excavations
in the Netherlands |
| Hall continues on the Monte Cristi wreck,
Dominican Republic, published in UAP (1993) |
| INA archaeologists and directors visit
and establish relations in Bulgaria, Rumania and Ukraine |
| Hocker supervises move of Brown's Ferry
vessel to permanent exhibition site in Georgetown, SC |
| Survey of steamer Indiana continues in Lake Superior |
| Studies in Nautical Archeology Series inaugurated
with publication of Those
Vulgar Tubes: External Sanitary Accommodations Aboard European Ships of the Fifteenth through Seventeenth Centuries, by Joe Simmons |
|
1993
|
| Excavation of Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun,
Turkey, continues under Pulak |
| Crisman and Cohn direct study of schooner
Water Witch, lost in 1866, in Lake Champlain |
| Elizabeth Baldwin directs study of sidewheel
steamship Champlain II, published in UAP (1994) |
| Underwater survey at Mount Independence,
Vermont, continued by Crisman |
| Excavation of 17th-century Dutch freighter
with the Center for Ship Archaeology in the Netherlands |
| Underwater survey in Turkey by Pulak and
Tufan Turanli finds shipment of medieval millstones, a large Corinthian column, a Byzantine cargo of marble architectural
elements, and a Byzantine amphora wreck |
| Hall continues on the Monte Cristi wreck,
Dominican Republic, published in UAP (1994) |
| Survey of steamer Indiana continues in Lake Superior |
| Ralph
Pedersen conducts underwater survey in Bahrain |
| George Bass becomes George O. Yamini Family
Professor of Nautical Archaeology, Texas A&M |
| Crisman receives Award of Merit from the
Society for Historical Archaeology |
| Roger Smith publishes Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the
Age of Columbus (Oxford) |
|
1994
|
| Field work at Uluburun, Turkey, concludes |
| Survey in Red Sea off Egypt by Doug and
Cheryl Haldane locates wreck at Sadana Island |
| Wachsmann begins survey of Tantura Lagoon
near Dor, Israel, jointly with Haifa University |
| Turkish underwater surveys continued by
Pulak; Cape Gelidonya ship's anchor found |
| Excavation of the Reader's Point Vessel,
an eighteenth-century sloop in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica |
| At the Bodrum Museum, Turkey, conducted
summer school in the conservation of submerged antiquities, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities |
| During preparation of Yassiada exhibit
in Bodrum castle, INA conducts rescue excavation of Hellenistic through modern levels beneath floor of chapel -
INA's first land excavation! |
| Steffy publishes Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks (Texas A&M University Press) |
| Peggy Leshikar publishes The Wreck of the Ten Sails |
|
1995
|
| Hocker begins excavation of Byzantine shipwreck
at Selimiye near Bozburun, Turkey |
| Haldanes begin excavation of eighteenth-century
wreck at Sadana Island in the Red Sea, published in IJNA (1996) |
| Erika Washburn directs study of the Royal
Navy 1812 brig Linnet in Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1996) |
| Eric Emery directs study of the U.S. Navy
1812 gunboat Allen in Lake Champlain, published in UAP (1996) |
| Ralph
Pedersen surveys a wreck preliminarily dated to the 6th/7th
century at Black Assarca Island, Eritrea |
| Study of Annabella, a nineteenth-century coasting schooner in Cape Neddick, Maine |
| Hocker establishes cooperative arrangement
between INA and Danish National Museum's new Center for Maritime Archaeology |
| Wayne Smith advises the Instituto de Cultura
Puertorriquena, Consejo de Arqueologia Subacuatica (Council of Underwater Archaeology), San Juan, Puerto Rico,
on feasibility of developing a conservation facility. |
| Wachsmann publishes
The Sea of Galilee
Boat: An Extraordinary 2000 Year Old Discovery |
| Ribbon-cutting ceremony officially opens
INA's Bodrum Center |
|
1996
|
| TAMU establishes Archaeological Preservation
Research Laboratory; Wayne Smith is Director |
| Excavation of Byzantine wreck at Selimiye,
Turkey, continued by Hocker; published in UAP (1997) |
| Excavation of eighteenth-century wreck
at Sadana Island, Egypt, continued by the Haldanes |
| Underwater survey in Turkey locates wreck
of the mid-fifth century B.C. |
| Bob Neyland directs excavation of late
medieval inland merchant vessel in Netherlands in cooperation with Center for Ship Archaeology |
| Crisman and Cohn begin survey for shipwrecks
at Angra Bay, Terceira Island, Azores |
| Wachsmann continues work at Tantura Lagoon
and does preliminary survey off Ashkelon, Israel |
| Hamilton publishes Basic Methods of Conserving
Underwater Archaeological Material Culture |
| Thomas Oertling publishes Ships' Bilge
Pumps: A History of Their Development, 1500-1900, as the second volume in our Studies in Nautical Archaeology Series
(TAMU Press) |
| Bass publishes Shipwrecks in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology |
| Pedersen
publishes Waterschip ZN42i: A Clenched-Lap Fishing
Vessel from Flevoland, The Netherlands |
| Conservation and study of Uluburun Bronze
Age artifacts continues in Bodrum, Turkey, under Pulak |
| Fred van Doorninck retires |
|
1997
|
| Hamilton begins conservation of hull and
contents of La Salle's flagship La
Belle in College Station;
published in May 1997 National Geographic |
| Excavation of
a mid-first millennium wreck at Black Assarca Island, Eritrea
directed by Ralph Pedersen |
| President Demirel of Turkey opens exhibit
in Bodrum Museum of full-scale replica, designed and mostly built by INA/TAMU, of stern and galley of the 7th-century
Byzantine ship excavated at Yassiada |
| Eric Heinold and Christopher Sabick direct
recording of War of 812 wrecks Tecumseh, Newash, and Nancy in Ontario, Canada |
| Survey for shipwrecks off south coast of
Terceira Island, Azores, continues |
| Crisman and Cohn record two canal boat
wrecks in Lake Champlain |
| Cohn discovers intact gunboat from Benedict
Arnold's 1776 Revolutionary War flotilla in Lake Champlain |
| Jerome Hall begins study for publication
of the hull of the Sea Of Galilee Boat in Israel |
| Wayne Smith and Cemal Pulak join Texas
A&M faculty |
| Barto Arnold, discoverer of La Belle, joins INA; Civil War blockade-runner Denbigh
identified near Galveston by INA reconnaissance survey |
| Gary Martin becomes President of INA Foundation |
| Chatham Press obtains United Kingdom rights
for Studies in Nautical Archaeology |
| Hocker publishes A Small Cog, Wrecked on the Zuiderzee in the Early
15th Century, with K. Vlierman,
and continues excavation of Byzantine wreck at Selimiye (Bozburun), Turkey |
| Lawrence Mott publishes The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale, as the third volume in our Studies in Nautical
Archaeology Series |
| Sam Mark, second Mr. and Mrs. Ray Siegfried
II Fellow, publishes From
Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes as fourth volume in Studies in Nautical Archaeology
Series |
| Publication of second edition of Those Vulgar Tubes by Joe Simmons |
| Wachsmann's The Sea of Galilee Boat wins the Biblical Archaeology Society's Biannual Award for the Best Popular Book on Biblical Archaeology
published in 1995-1996 |
| Sadana Island Shipwreck study season in
the Alexandria Conservation Laboratory for Submerged Antiquities by Cheryl Ward |
| Pulak continues conservation and study
of Uluburun shipwreck materials in Turkey |
|
1998
|
| Publication of Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant by Shelley Wachsmann (Texas A&M University Press) |
| Publication of When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America by Kevin Crisman and Arthur Cohn (Smithsonian Institution
Press) |
| Kevin Crisman on joint INA-Dirreccao Regional
da Cultura (DRC - Azores Cultural Ministry) shipwreck survey around the islands of Faial, Pico and Sao Jorge in
the Azores |
| Final season of excavation at Sadana Island,
Egypt, by Cheryl Ward and Douglas Haldane |
| Final season of excavation of Byzantine
wreck at Selimiye, Turkey, by Hocker |
| Barto Arnold directs predisturbance survey
and archival research on Denbigh, conducts a survey of a ferro-concrete Whale-backed tanker at Galveston, and with
the University of Texas at Brownsville conducts a steamboat wreck reconnaissance survey |
| Conservation of Uluburun artifacts continues
in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology |
|
1999
|
| Bass and Deborah Carlson begin excavation
of fifth-century B.C. shipwreck at Tektas Burnu, Turkey. National Geographic Explorer segment on the project is
telecast. |
| Barto Arnold directs test excavations of
Denbigh |
| Cheryl Ward, Ayse Atauz and Kathryn Willis
represent INA in the Institute for Exploration Black Sea Trade Project |
| Ayse Atauz begins underwater surveys in
Malta |
| Dan Davis leads an underwater expedition
to the Georgian Black Sea coast |
| Erkut
Arçak and Cemal Pulak begin a study
of the famed Sultan's galley Kadirga in the Naval Museum in Istanbul |
| Kroum Bachvarov leads an INA/Varna Museum
of Archaeology survey off the coast of Bulgaria |
| Working from INA Director George Robb's
boat, Brett Phaneuf surveys for wrecks off Morocco |
| Shelley Wachsmann conducts a search for
deep wrecks off Israel from George Robb's vessel, Robo |
| Conservation of La Belle continues in College Station under Hamilton |
| Conservation and study of artifacts from
Uluburun continue in Bodrum under Pulak and Kathy Hall |
| INA begins collaboration with Centro Nacional
de Arqueologia Nautica e Subaquatica (CNANS) of Portugal on excavation of early 17th-century Portuguese Indiaman
at mouth of the Tagus River under direction of Filipe Castro |
| INA-DRC survey of wrecks around the islands
of Faial, Pico and Flores in the Azores |
|
Athena Trakadas and Stefan Claesson conduct an underwater survey in Tangier
Bay, Morocco
|
|
2000
|
| Jerome L. Hall becomes INA President |
| With help from the Institute for Aegean
Prehistory, INA acquires two-person Seamobile submersible, Carolyn,
and in Turkey builds a 45-foot catamaran, Millawanda,
to tend it |
| Excavation of fifth-century B.C. shipwreck
at Tektas Burnu, Turkey, continues. First use of two-person submersible Carolyn |
| Cheryl Ward and Kathryn Willis represent
INA in the Institute for Exploration Black Sea Trade Project |
| Tufan Turanli begins "Shipwrecks of
Anatolia" project to document fully all the wrecks INA has discovered or examined over the years off the Turkish
coast |
| Full-scale excavation of Civil War blockade-runner
Denbigh begins at Galveston |
| Kroum Bachvarov and Hristina Angelova begin
a joint INA/CUA (Center of Underwater Archaeology at Sozopol) excavation of an Ottoman shipwreck in Bulgaria |
| Brett Phaneuf and George Robb conduct a
remote-sensing survey of the sunken remains of D-Day at Normandy, France, with the U.S. Naval Historical Center's
Underwater Archaeology Branch |
| Ayse Atauz continues Maltese underwater
survey |
| Greene
conducts reconnaissance in Butrint, Albania |
| INA cooperates with Nergis Günsenin
in her excavation of a Byzantine shipwreck off Marmara Island, Turkey |
| Erkut
Arçak continues his study of the
Sultan's galley Kadirga in Istanbul |
| Turkish Minister of Culture Talay opens
Bronze Age Hall in Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology to display remains from Cape Gelidonya, Sheytan Deresi,
and Uluburun |
| Ribbons cut for new Library, with Mary
and Lamar Tooze Readings Rooms; Nixon Griffis Conservation Laboratory; and Nason Computer Center at INA Headquarters
in Bodrum |
| Conservation of Uluburun shipwrecked artifacts
continues in Bodrum under Pulak and Kathy Hall |
| Collaboration with CNANS on excavation
of wreck in mouth of Tagus River, Portugal, continues |
| Crisman represents INA in joint INA-DRC
CNANS project to record an Iberian galleon of ca. 1600 sunk off Angra, Terceira Island, Azores |
| Bass retires from Texas A&M University |
|
2001
|
| Barto Arnold conducts reconnaissance survey
of Salt River Bay, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, and continues excavation of Denbigh along with archival research |
| Robert Ballard describes INA's role in
his Black Sea Trade Project in the May National Geographic |
| Bass
concludes excavation at Tektas and undertakes survey with the
submersible Carolyn |
| Hall
continues excavation at Isla Cabra, Monte Cristi, Dominican
Republic |
| Arnold
excavates Civil War blockade runner Denbigh for second
season in Galveston, Texas. |
| Conservation of Uluburun artifacts continues
in Turkey under Kathy Hall and Cemal Pulak |
| Piercy and Matthews continue cataloging
material from Santo Antonio de Tanna in Mombasa, Kenya |
| Bachvarov
continues investigations in Bulgaria |
| ROV
survey of large amphora pile off Maltese coast by Atauz |
| Erkut
Arçak passes at age 30 |
|
2002 |
| Bass publishes account of
Tektas excavation in March issue of National Geographic |
| Bass begins excavation of the
6th century B.C. wreck at Pabuç Burnu |
| Jerome Hall resigns Presidency
of INA for Professorship at University of San Diego |
| Donny L. Hamilton appointed
President of INA |
| Bass awarded National Medal of
Science by President George W. Bush at White House Ceremony |
| Wachsmann launches
geoarchaeological survey of Portuguese Phoenician sites |
| Filipe Castro continues
excavations in the Arade River, Portimao, Portugal |
| Arnold continues excavation of
Civil War blockade runner Denbigh |
| Extensive updating of INA web
site begun |
| INA-Egypt acquires portable
recompression chamber |
|
|
|
| Dr. Donny L. Hamilton, President of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), continued to work on the final report on the Port Royal Project and took a leave from teaching to facilitate it. |
| Drs. Donny Hamilton and Filipe Castro went to Playa de Damas in Panama to look at a early 16th-century Spanish shipwreck and to negotiate INA excavating it in the summer of 2004. |
| Dr. Jerome Lynn Hall, former President of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, conducted another excavation season on the 17th -century shipwreck on the north coast of the Dominican Republic. He also continues the preparation of his report on the project. |
| George Bass, Co-Founder of INA, conducted the second and final season of excavation on Pabuc Burnu, a sixth-century BC shipwreck off the Aegean coast of Turkey. |
| Dr. Cemal Pulak, along with several NAP students continued another season, documenting the 16th -century Kadirga Galley housed in the Naval Museum in Istanbul, Turkey. |
| Dr. Cemal Pulak, along with four students, analyzed Uluburun artifacts for the final report. |
| Dr. Faith Henshell, along with INA staff, conducted a survey for shipwrecks on long the southwestern coast of Turkey. |
| Justin Leidwainger conducted a survey on the western coast of Cyprus |
| Katie Custer and Sara Hoskins conducted a survey for shipwrecks on the north south coast of the Dominican Republic around Santo Domingo Bay and the coastline to the east. |
| Dante Giulian Bartoli conducted a survey for shipwrecks on east center of the "toe" of Italy between Roccella to Badolatao Marina. |
| The Conservation staff in Bodrum Turkey continued the conservation of the artifacts from the 1300 BC Uluburun shipwreck and the material from other INA projects. |
| Dr. Kevin Crisman, Texas A&M University Nautical Archaeology Program (TAMU/NAP) Professor, conducted the first excavation season on an early 19th-century river boat in the Red River for the Oklahoma Historical Association. |
| Dr. Shelley Wachsmann worked on the final report on his a survey for evidence of harbor facilities and shipwrecks in know Phoenician ports in Portugal in 2003. |
| Dr. Filipe Viera de Castro, TAMU/NAP Professor, worked in the Lisbon Library for his book on Iberian ships. |
| Dr. Frederick van Doorninck, Jr. continued work on volume three of the Serce Limani report, an 11 th-century shipwreck off of Turkey. |
| Mr. J. Barto Arnold, INA Archaeologist, is preparing the final report on his excvation conducted his fourth and final season of excavation on the Denbigh, a Civil War blockade runner that ran aground in Galveston Bay, Texas. |
| Mr. Douglas Haldane, Director of INA Egypt, finished the conservation of the Sadana Project and after many years, he and his wife, Jane Purnell, decided to move to the United States. With their move, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology in Egypt was closed. |
| Ms. Athena Trakada, in association with RPM Nautical Foundation and Mr. George Robb, Director of INA, conducted the second season of a two-year an archaeological survey along the coast of Morocco. |
| Mr. Robin Piercy and Sheila Mathews continue their research on the 17th-century Portuguese shipwreck at Mombasa, Kenya and worked on the final report on the project. |
| Mr. Kroum Batchvarov , TAMU/NAP graduate student, completed the excavation on of a possible early 18th-century shipwreck in the Black Sea in Bulgaria. |
| Mr. Matthew Harpster, TAMU/NAP graduate student, continued his study of the 9th-century hull of a shipwreck from the Bozburun Wreck in Turkey for his dissertation in the Nautical Archaeology Program. |
A
PARTIAL LIST
OF PUBLICATIONS RESULTING
FROM INA RESEARCH
|
AZORES
|
| Crisman, K., "Crossroads of the North
Atlantic: The 1996 and 1997 Angra Bay Shipwreck Surveys, Terceira Island, Azores," INA Quarterly 25.2 (summer
1998). |
| Crisman, K., "Angra A: The Copper-fastened
Wreck at Porto Novo (Angra do Heroísmo, Azores -Portugal)," Revista portuguesa de arqueologia 2.1 (1999),
with B. Jordan. |
| Crisman, K., "Angra B: The Lead-sheathed
Wreck at Porto Novo (Angra do Heroísmo, Azores- Portugal)," Revista portuguesa arqueologia 2.1 (1999). |
| Crisman, K., "Looking for Ships: The
1998 Central Azores Shipwreck Survey," INA Quarterly 26.1 (Spring 1999). |
| Crisman,
K. and Garcia, C., "The Shipwrecks of Angra Bay,
2000-2001," INA Quarterly 28.4 (Winter 2001). |
|
BOZBURUN BYZANTINE
SHIPWRECK
|
| Hocker, Fred, "A Ninth-Century Shipwreck
near Bozburun, Turkey," INA Quarterly 22.1 (1995) 12-14. |
| Hocker, Fred, "The Byzantine Shipwreck
at Bozburun, Turkey: The 1995 Field Season," INA Quarterly 22.4 (1995) 3-8. |
| Hocker, Frederick M., and Michael P. Scafuri,
"Bozburun Shipwreck Excavation: Preliminary Results from the 1996 Season," Underwater Archaeology 1997,
Denise A. Lakey, ed., (Society for Historical Archaeology, 1997) 97-103. |
| Johnson, David A., and Michael P. Scafuri,
"Riding a New Wave: Digital Technology and Underwater Archaeology,"
INA Quarterly 22.3 (1995) 16-20. |
|
CARIBBEAN
AND GULF OF MEXICO SHIPWRECKS
|
| Geddes, Donald G., "Archival Research
Concerning the Loss of four ships of the 1691 Spanish Tierra Firme Fleet: A Preliminary Report," Society for
Historical Archaeology Journal (1988) 65-67. |
| Geddes, Donald G., III, "Archival
Research: The Search for the Columbus Caravels at St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings
from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kingston, Jamaica 1992, D.H. Keith and T.L. Carrell, eds.
(SHA, 1992) 148-151. |
| Goold,
J., "A Question Now Answered: 'Who Owns Sunken Spanish
Shipwrecks?'" INA Quarterly 28.4 (Winter 2001). |
| Hajovsky, Ric, "Phase II of the Search
for Gallega," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Baltimore,
Maryland 1989, J. Barto Arnold III, ed. (SHA 1989) 104-107. |
| Hall, Jerome, "In the Shadow of Monte
Cristi," INA Newsletter 16.2 (1989) 12-15. |
| Hall, Jerome Lynn, "The 17th-Century
Merchant Vessel at Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society
for Historical Archaeology Conference, Richmond, Virginia 1991, John D. Broadwater, ed. (SHA, 1991) 84-87. |
| Hall, Jerome, "An Expedition to the
Bay of Christ's Mountain, Dominican Republic," INA Quarterly 19.2 (1992) 3-7. |
| Hall, Jerome Lynn, "The 17th-Century
Merchant Shipwreck in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic: The Second Excavation Season Interim Report,"
Underwater Archeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kansas City, Missouri
1993, Sheli O. Smith, ed. (SHA, 1993) 95-101. |
| Hall, Jerome L., "Spanish Coins, Dutch
Clay Pipes and the English Ship: The Monte Cristi Shipwreck Project Interim Report," Underwater Archaeology
Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia 1994, Robyn P.
Woodward and Charles D. Moore, eds. (SHA, 1994) 32-39. |
| Hall, Jerome Lynn, "A Quest for Simplicity:
Musings on the Seventeenth-Century ‘Pipe Wreck' in Monte Cristi Bay, Dominican Republic,"
INA Quarterly 21.1/2
(1994) 29-37. |
| Hoyt, Steve, "Genovesa Survey 1981,"
INA Newsletter 8.2 (1981) 1-2, 4. |
| Keith, Donald H., "Campeche Shipwreck,"
INA Newsletter 7.1 (1980) 7. |
| Keith, Donald H., "Known Sites,"
Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archeology, P.F. Johnston, ed. (Society for Historical Archeology,
1985) 114-115. |
| Keith, Donald H., "Ships of Discovery
Research," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 6-7. |
| Keith, Donald H., "MRW Reconstruction
Continues Amid Capers and Conservation," INA Newsletter 12.4 (1986) 6-7. |
| Keith, Donald H., "Shipwrecks of the
Explorers," in G.F. Bass, ed., Ships
and Shipwrecks of the Americas
(New York and London (1988) 45-68. |
| Keith, Donald H., "Three Goals Set,
Reached During Three Weeks at Hcay," INA Newsletter 14.3/4 (1988) 6-7. |
| Keith, Donald H., "The Molasses Reef
Wreck Project," INA Newsletter 16.3 (1989) 4-9. |
| Keith, Donald H., J.A. Duff, S.R. James,
T.J. Oertling, and J.J. Simmons, "The Molasses Reef Wreck, Turks and Caicos Islands, B.W.I.: A Preliminary
Report," International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 13 (1984) 45-63. |
| Keith, Donald H., and J.J. Simmons, "Analysis
of Hull Remains, Ballast, and Artifact Distribution of a 16th-Century Shipwreck, Molasses Reef, British West Indies,"
Journal of Field Archaeology 12 (1985) 411-424. |
| Keith, Donald H., Denise C. Lakey, Joe
J. Simmons, III, and Mark D. Myers, "Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research," Underwater Archaeology
Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Baltimore, Maryland 1989, J. Barto Arnold,
ed., (SHA 1989) 87-100. |
| Lakey, Denise, "Historical and Archival
Research," Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology, P.F. Johnston, ed. (Society
for Historical Archaeology, 1985) 111-114. |
| Lakey, Denise, "Necessary Use of Documents
has Inherent Uncertainties," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 8-9. |
| Lakey, Denise, and Joe Simmons, "The
Third Expedition to Cay Nuevo, " INA Newsletter 10.2 (1983) 12-45. |
| Lamb, William, "Oft-Spurned Ballast
is Seen as Another Data Source," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 12-13. |
| Lessmann, Anne W., "The Rhenish Stoneware
from the Monte Cristi Shipwreck, Dominican Republic," Underwater Archaeology 1997, Denise A. Lakey, ed. (Society
for Historical Archaeology, 1997) 121-127. |
| Luna, Pilar, "Two Expeditions to the
Gulf of Mexico and the Recovery of the Oldest Bronze Cannon in America," Underwater Archaeology: The Challenge Before Us, Gordon P. Watts, Jr., ed. (Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Underwater
Archaeology, San Marino, 1981) 76-80. |
| Myers, Mark D., "The Ships of Discovery
and Exploration," Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology, P.F. Johnston, ed. (Society
for Historical Archaeology, 1985) 110-111. |
| Myers, Mark, and Joe Simmons, "Enlivening
History from Artifacts," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 10-11. |
| Neville, John C., Robert S. Neyland, and
James M. Parrent, "The Search for Columbus's Last Ships: The 1991 Field Season," Underwater Archaeology
Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kingston, Jamaica 1992, D.H. Keith and T.L.
Carrell, eds. (SHA, 1992) 152-158. |
| Oertling, Thomas, "Scant Hull Fragments
Offer Small But Meaningful Clues," INA Newsletter 13.1 (1986) 14-15. |
| Oertling, Thomas J., "The Highborn
Cay and Molasses Reef Wrecks: Two Early 16th-Century Hulls," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Soc |